Baltic Journal of Sport and Health Sciences
type: channel
description: Founded in 1968. The journal publishes original research articles in the following areas: Physical Education, Sports Coaching, Sports Pedagogy, Sports Psychology, Sports Sociology, Sports Management, Recreation and Tourism, Sports Physiology, Motor Control and Learning, Sports Biochemistry, Sports Medicine, Physical Activity and Health, Adapted Physical Activity, Sports History, Sports Philosophy, etc.
publisher: Lithuanian sports university
language: en
publication name: Baltic Journal of Sport and Health Sciences
issn: 2351-6496
items: Effective Playing Time in Women’s Collegiate Volleyball
items: Let the Music Play: Exploring the Relationship Between Music Listening, Self-Esteem, and Subjective Vitality During Exercise Among College Students
items: The Kinetics of Cell-Free DNA in Response to External and Internal Factors
items: The Impact of Obesity on Skeletal Muscle Morphology, Mechanical Properties and Functional Implications
items: Reliability and Performance Correlates of Life-Size Reactive Agility Test in Netball Players
items: Measuring the Maturity of Asset-Based Community Development: Findings and Implications Applied in a Community Walking Programme
items: An Exploration of Flow State and Optimal Experience as a Way for Resonance
items: S14-2: A Scoping Review of Research About Women in Sport: A Perspective From the Island of Ireland
items: S10-3: Updating the German Recommendations for Physical Activity. Moving Beyond Quantitative Recommendations?
items: S07-3: Holistic Promotion of Physical Activity Based on Physical Literacy: Results and Implications of the PLACE Intervention
items: Two Decades of HEPA Europe: Advancing Physical Activity Promotion Across the European Region
items: The Effects of Head-and-Neck Temperature Manipulation and Motor Task Type on Central and Peripheral Fatigue, Motor Accuracy, and Stress-Related Blood Markers in Men With Multiple Sclerosis
items: The Impact of Participants’ Motivations for Engaging in Physical Activity on Their Reaction Time
items: Olympic Values and Doping in Sport
items: Assessment of the Psychological Wellbeing of Student-Athletes and Non-Athletes at the University of Ilorin, Nigeria
items: HIIT and Aloe Vera Supplementation Improve METRNL Levels, Reduce Oxidative Stress, and Enhance Antioxidant Status in Men With Type 2 Diabetes
items: The Effect of Temperature Manipulation on Skeletal Muscle Function and Thermal Stress Responses in Young Males
items: Pulmonary Oxygen Uptake Kinetics Assessment in Basketball-Trained Boys During Early Adolescence
items: Resistance Training and Muscle-Brain Crosstalk: Implications for Cognitive Decline in Aging and Spinal Cord Injury
items: The Relationship Between Emotional Intelligence and Self-Compassion Among Medical Students
items: Effects of Lower Limb Resistance Training on Cognitive Function in Older Adults with Mild Cognitive Impairment Risk
items: Factors Determining the Change in Physical Fitness of Lithuanian Primary Schoolchildren Over a One-Year Period
items: Development of positive behavior and mental toughness skills in young athletes
items: The Role of Throw-ins in the UEFA Champions League: A Tactical Analysis
items: Analysis of Offensive Efficiency and Goal Scoring in the Stanley Cup Finals 2023 and 2024
items: The role of personal and sports values on intentions to compete clean or to cheat
items: The Role of Sport Psychology Services for Elite Sports Athletes The Case of Azerbaijan
items: Self-care and Self-Compassion in University Student Athletes
items: S14-4: Equality in Sport and Male Allyship
items: Validity and Test–Retest Reliability of the VO2 Master Metabolic Analyser: A Laboratory and Artistic Gymnastics-Specific Evaluation

Effective Playing Time in Women’s Collegiate Volleyball
type: item
description: Background: Limited research addresses variations in the effective playing time (EPT) across sets or matches, particularly within the collegiate female athlete population. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the EPT and rally characteristics in women’s collegiate volleyball among different sets. Methods: Data were collected from 14 matches (49 sets, 2,094 points) played among six female university teams. Rally duration, rest intervals between rallies and sets, number of touches, rallies, and three-pass sequences were recorded. EPT and work-to-rest ratios were calculated. Rally length was categorised as short (<5 s), medium (5–10 s), or long (>10 s). Results: The results showed that EPT was significantly greater (p < 0.05) in the third and fourth sets compared with the first and second sets. Rally duration, number of touches, and occurrence of three-pass sequences also demonstrated upward trends in later sets. Additionally, the proportion of short rallies was significantly lower in the first three sets compared with the fifth set. Conclusion: These findings suggest that EPT tends to increase in the later sets compared to the initial sets, potentially reflecting increased match intensity as the game progresses. Recognising such patterns can help coaches and practitioners develop more targeted conditioning strategies to meet the physical demands of competition. Keywords: Active playing time, performance analysis, team sports, work to rest ratio, number of touches
subject: Sports Physiology
  topic: section
creator: Başak Acun
creator: A. Tunca Akçaoğlu
creator: Mustafa Söğüt
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Author(s). Published by Lithuanian Sports University. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-08-14
publication date: 2026-08-14
doi: 10.33607/bjshs.v4i141.2306

Let the Music Play: Exploring the Relationship Between Music Listening, Self-Esteem, and Subjective Vitality During Exercise Among College Students
type: item
description: Background: College students often experience heightened stress and mental health challenges. Previous research has suggested that physical activity and music can independently enhance subjective vitality (e.g. psychological well-being) and self-esteem. The purpose of this study was to determine to what extent music impacts college students’ subjective vitality and self-esteem while exercising in a gym or outside through the lens of Self-Determination Theory (SDT). Methods: A quantitative, observational, cross-sectional survey was conducted to investigate the impact of music on college students’ subjective vitality and self-esteem while exercising either in a gym or outdoors. A total of 200 college students completed an online survey measuring constructs related to SDT, self-esteem, and subjective vitality. The proposed model tested seven hypotheses regarding direct and indirect relationships between SDT variables, self-esteem, and subjective vitality. Results: The model explained 56.8% of the variation in self-esteem and 56.2% in subjective vitality. Autonomy and competence demonstrated significant direct effects on subjective vitality and indirect effects mediated by self-esteem. Relatedness influenced subjective vitality indirectly through self-esteem. Significant differences were found between gym and outdoor exercisers, with gym users reporting higher self-esteem and subjective vitality scores. No significant differences were identified between genders. Conclusion: Music positively influences college students’ self-esteem and subjective vitality as psychological well-being during exercise, supporting the application of SDT in this context. Enhancing these psychological outcomes through music-assisted exercise routines may contribute to students’ mental and physical health, academic performance, and personal development. Keywords: students, music, exercise, self-esteem, subjective vitality, Self-Determination Theory
subject: Sports Physiology
  topic: section
creator: Nina Adjanin
creator: Ilina Arsova
creator: Rhonda Cross Beemer
creator: Tina Gaa Pulley
creator: Gordon P. Brooks
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Author(s). Published by Lithuanian Sports University. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-06
publication date: 2025-11-06
starting page: 33
ending page: 45
doi: 10.33607/bjshs.v4i137.1697

The Kinetics of Cell-Free DNA in Response to External and Internal Factors
type: item
description: Background and objectives: To assess the inflammatory response or muscle damage after exercise, researchers commonly use numerous physiological markers such as creatine kinase (CK), interleukins, and a reduction in muscle function (Souglis et al., 2015; Kamandulis et al., 2021). However, the sensitivity of most of these markers is inadequate for detecting various physiological events such as fatigue, overtraining, muscle damage, adaptation, acute or delayed inflammation. Cell-free DNA (cfDNA) stands as a potential biomarker for assessing exercise load and ensuring training regimes are appropriately tailored to an athlete’s capacity. By monitoring cfDNA, practitioners can identify individuals at risk of overtraining and implement interventions to prevent chronic fatigue and address recovery needs. cfDNA in sports science is in its infancy, yet its short half-life and high sensitivity make it an attractive biomarker (Fatouros et al., 2006; Tug et al., 2017). The general aim of the dissertation was to determine the impact of different internal and external instances, such as 3-week sprint interval training (SIT), increased rectal temperature, and muscle-damaging exercise, on cfDNA kinetics. Methods: Three studies were conducted. Study 1 included nine sessions (three sessions per week over three weeks) of 4–6 cycling bouts (Wingate tests) lasting for 30 s, with 4 min recovery intervals between bouts. In Study 2, each participant completed exertional heating (cycling at 60% V̇O2max until rectal temperature (Tre) reached 39°C) and exogenous heating (lower-body immersion in hot water until Tre reached 39°C) in a randomised cross-over design. There were three groups in Study 3, where each group performed a different number of drop jumps (DJ) (50, 25, 10) at intervals of one every 20 s. All measurements were performed as follows: Study 1 (subjects: young healthy men (n = 10), elderly healthy men (n = 9): Blood samples for cfDNA and lactate were taken, and neuromuscular testi…
subject: Doctoral Thesis Abstract
  topic: section
creator: Ema Juškevičiūtė
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Author(s). Published by Lithuanian Sports University. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-09-04
publication date: 2025-09-04
starting page: 54
ending page: 55
doi: 10.33607/bjshs.v3i136.1672

The Impact of Obesity on Skeletal Muscle Morphology, Mechanical Properties and Functional Implications
type: item
description: Background and Objectives: Obesity is a growing global epidemic associated not only with metabolic and cardiovascular disorders but also with impairments in skeletal muscle and tendon integrity (Abate et al., 2016; Lui & Yung, 2021; Tallis et al., 2018; Tomlinson et al., 2016; Wearing et al., 2006). While the metabolic consequences of obesity are well described (Blüher, 2019), its impact on the structural and mechanical properties of musculotendinous tissues and their functional implications has remained underexplored. The doctoral thesis investigated how obesity alters the morphology, material properties, and function of the muscle–tendon unit (MTU), aiming to clarify the mechanisms that contribute to reduced movement efficiency, tissue fragility, and impaired functional capacity. Methods: The dissertation comprised four interrelated experimental studies using both animal and human models, following a translational and multiscale approach to investigate the mechanical, structural, and functional consequences of obesity on the MTU and respiratory system. Ethical approval was obtained for animal (Ref. No. G2-255) and human studies (Ref. No. 2023-BE10-0001), and all procedures complied with institutional and international ethical standards. In the animal studies, male C57BL/6J mice were exposed to either an obesogenic high-fat diet or a standard control diet to establish a model of diet-induced obesity. Study I characterised the passive mechanical properties of isolated skeletal muscle and adipose tissue in healthy mice using in vitro mechanical testing, providing baseline data on tissue-specific mechanical behaviour. Study II employed the diet-induced obesity mouse model to investigate obesity-related structural and mechanical remodelling of skeletal muscle, tendon, and the myotendinous junction through comprehensive biomechanical testing, histological analysis, and molecular profiling. The human studies extended these mechanistic findings to functional outcomes. Par…
subject: Doctoral Thesis Abstract
  topic: section
creator: Leonardo Cesanelli
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Author(s). Published by Lithuanian Sports University. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-16
publication date: 2026-06-16
starting page: 62
ending page: 63
doi: 10.33607/bjshs.v2i139.2138

Reliability and Performance Correlates of Life-Size Reactive Agility Test in Netball Players
type: item
description: Reactive agility is an important component in many team sports, with human stimulus considered more realistic for performance assessment than video- or light-based stimulus testing. This study aimed to evaluate the reliability of a newly adopted netball specific Life-Size Reactive Agility Test (LSRAT), and to determine the correlation between action accuracy and total time. Twenty young female netball players, mean age = 15.1 ± 1.7 years, completed two test conditions using a live tester with netball-specific movements: (a) the tester acted as an opponent by delivering an offensive stimulus for the subject to react to; and (b) the tester acted as a teammate by delivering a ball pass as a stimulus to which the subject had to react by receiving the pass. Results showed very high reliability for total time in both test conditions, with Pearson’s correlation coefficient (Pearson’s r) values of 0.90–0.94, and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) values of 0.91–0.93. However, action accuracy for both subjects and testers yielded moderate to low Pearson’s r and ICC values across both test conditions. The usefulness of the test in detecting moderate performance changes was evaluated as ‘good’ for the total time in both test conditions. In contrast, subject action accuracy was rated from ‘good’ to ‘marginal’, while tester action accuracy was rated as ‘marginal’ in both test conditions. In conclusion, the LSRAT is a reliable tool for measuring reactive agility in netball players while action accuracy measures may require further refinement for optimal utility in coaching and research. Keywords: Netball, reactive agility, decision making, reactive agility testing, speed
subject: Social Sciences in Sport
  topic: section
creator: Fitry Azrul bin Nor Saafri
creator: Halijah binti Ibrahi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Author(s). Published by Lithuanian Sports University. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-16
publication date: 2026-06-16
starting page: 20
ending page: 31
doi: 10.33607/bjshs.v2i139.2135

Measuring the Maturity of Asset-Based Community Development: Findings and Implications Applied in a Community Walking Programme
type: item
description: Background: Asset-Based Community Development (ABCD) mobilises the strengths of individuals, associations, institutions, and shared spaces to enhance community capacity. Empirical evidence quantifying ABCD maturity remains limited. This study introduces and applies the ABCD Maturity Index to examine baseline patterns, subgroup differences, and changes during participation in Beat the Street, a community-wide, gamified physical activity programme. Methods: A matched-pairs pre–post design was used with adult participants (≥18 years) across six UK locations (March–June 2024). The ABCD Maturity Index measures six domains representing core ABCD foundations: Individuals, Associations, Institutions, Place-based assets, Connections, and Stories. Reliability and construct validity were evaluated using internal consistency and subgroup comparisons. McNemar’s test assessed paired change in dichotomised agreement scores. Results: Internal consistency was good (Cronbach’s α = 0.80–0.83). At baseline (n = 5,734), highest agreement was for Place-based assets (76.3%) and lowest for Stories (29.4%). ABCD maturity was lower among participants from more deprived areas, with disabilities, or long-term conditions. Matched-pair analysis (n = 1,503) showed a mean increase of 5.4 percentage points (p < 0.05), with largest gains in Stories (+7.8 pp) and Institutions (+7.5 pp). Conclusion: The ABCD Maturity Index provides a reliable and valid framework for assessing community capacity and tracking change. Its application revealed both structural inequalities and the potential for inclusive, place-based interventions to strengthen ABCD maturity, particularly among groups starting from lower baselines. Keywords: Asset-Based Community Development (ABCD), community capacity, social capital, place-based intervention
subject: Social Sciences in Sport
  topic: section
creator: Steven Rose
creator: Cormac Russell
creator: William Bird
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Author(s). Published by Lithuanian Sports University. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-16
publication date: 2026-06-16
starting page: 32
ending page: 42
doi: 10.33607/bjshs.v2i139.2136

An Exploration of Flow State and Optimal Experience as a Way for Resonance
type: item
description: This article-essay will first establish theoretical links with some of the foundations of Rosa’s work, and then present a case study of a physical activity that demonstrates the manifestation of resonance across several dimensions. We start from elements of theoretical concordance with flow theory to discuss the scope and contributions of Rosa’s theory of resonance, and then illustrate these remarks with empirical data on flowart practice, which we think provides knowledge that is both rich and novel in relation to the experience of resonance. Keywords: Flowart, theory of resonance, physical activity
subject: Social Sciences in Sport
  topic: section
creator: Frédéric Martineau
creator: Romain Roult
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Author(s). Published by Lithuanian Sports University. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-16
publication date: 2026-06-16
starting page: 12
ending page: 19
doi: 10.33607/bjshs.v2i139.2134

S14-2: A Scoping Review of Research About Women in Sport: A Perspective From the Island of Ireland
type: item
description: Purpose: Women remain under-represented in many sport settings, and they are particularly under-represented in research. Between 2014 and 2020, only 34% of participants in sport and exercise science studies were female, with less than 10% of studies focused solely on females (Cowley et al., 2021). Additionally, there is often a lack of collective thinking and action across universities and the sport sector in research about women in sport, including on the island of Ireland. Methods: To support the strategic development of research within this region, we conducted a scoping review to systematically identify, analyse, and synthesise existing literature about women in sport on the island of Ireland. Research about women in sport in Ireland has grown significantly over the last five years. Results: Primary topics fell into five main areas: injury (k = 86), sport performance (k = 72), sport, health, and wellbeing (k = 65), society and culture (k = 38), and coaching and professional practice (k = 13). We identified numerous trends, including the dominance of cross-sectional research designs and quantitative methods, tendency to conduct research through a monodisciplinary lens, and inconsistent reporting of sex/gender in published literature. Conclusion: While this review highlights research priorities specific to the island of Ireland, it offers a template for other regions to replicate and some relevant learning for researchers worldwide in their respective and collective efforts to improve the experiences of women in sport. We have developed our work into a public facing report and other dissemination materials to advocate for change.
subject: Symposia
  topic: section
creator: Patricia C. Jackman
creator: Emma S. Cowley
creator: Niamh Ní Chéilleachair
creator: Katie Liston
creator: Mary Margaret Meade
creator: Tandy Jane Haughey
creator: Maria Faulkner
creator: Carla McCabe
creator: Niamh Kitching
creator: Brendan Egan
creator: Siobhan O’Connor
creator: Rebecca M. Hawkins
creator: Wesley O’Brien
creator: Niamh Murphy
creator: Ollie Williamson
creator: Matthew D. Bird
creator: Anthony J. Gorman
creator: Angela Carlin
creator: Ciara Everard
creator: Denise Martin
creator: Sinead Holden
creator: Eimear Kelly
creator: Aoife Lane
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Author(s). Published by Lithuanian Sports University. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-01-28
publication date: 2026-01-28
starting page: 281
ending page: 281
doi: 10.33607/bjshs.v5iSupplement.2049

S10-3: Updating the German Recommendations for Physical Activity. Moving Beyond Quantitative Recommendations?
type: item
description: Background: Physical activity (PA) guidelines have traditionally focused on quantitative targets, such as recommending at least 150 minutes of PA per week. However, qualitative aspects (like exercising in green spaces or being active with meaningful others) may also contribute to the health benefits of PA but are rarely addressed in existing guidelines. The German Recommendations for Physical Activity and Physical Activity Promotion (Rütten & Pfeifer, 2016) are currently being updated. In this context, the study explores how the predominantly quantitative focus can be expanded to include qualitative dimensions of PA. Methods: The guideline update follows the GRADE-ADOLOPMENT approach (Klugar et al., 2024). To incorporate qualitative aspects of PA, we first define the scope (Step 1) and prioritise relevant key questions, especially regarding PA quality – based on Vella et al. (2023) and expert consultation (Step 2). In Step 3, recent national PA guidelines are identified and assessed using the AGREE II instrument (with scores of ≥60% in domains 1–3 and an accompanying evidence update). Recommendations from these sources are then matched to the prioritised questions (Step 4) to identify existing relevant recommendations (Step 5). Where necessary, evidence updates are performed (Step 6). Results: New German PA recommendations will be developed for several target groups, including children, adults, older adults, the oldest old, individuals with disabilities, and adults with non-communicable diseases (Step 1). Key questions regarding the quality aspects of PA (Step 2) include whether health-related outcomes differ by PA domain, individual preferences, or the social and physical environment. Of 66 guidelines reviewed, 11 were included (Step 3). An initial content analysis revealed that the only quality aspect addressed was the comparison between workplace PA and PA in other domains (Steps 4 and 5). The next step (Step 6) is to determine which evidence updates on PA qualit…
subject: Symposia
  topic: section
creator: Wolfgang Geidl
creator: Karim Abu-Omar
creator: Eriselda Mino
creator: Antonina Tcymbal
creator: Julian Resch
creator: Sven Messing
creator: Klaus Pfeifer
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Author(s). Published by Lithuanian Sports University. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-01-28
publication date: 2026-01-28
starting page: 265
ending page: 265
doi: 10.33607/bjshs.v5iSupplement.2031

S07-3: Holistic Promotion of Physical Activity Based on Physical Literacy: Results and Implications of the PLACE Intervention
type: item
description: Purpose: Although the concept of physical literacy (PL) combines physical, cognitive, and affective aspects into a holistic perspective for promoting active lifestyles and has gained increasing importance internationally, PL-based interventions and practical findings are still in their infancy in Germany. The goal of the present study was to evaluate the main phase of an extracurricular PL intervention (PLACE study) to promote health-enhancing physical activity in eight to ten-year-old children in different districts of Bremen, Germany (Pöppel et al., 2024). Methods: We used an explanatory sequential mixed-methods design, built on five core dimensions derived from the inter-/national discussion on criteria for quality experiences in students (e.g. Ní Chróinín et al., 2018), which were assessed by comparing the intervention with regular physical education (PE). In group interviews with 40 children, we started with nonverbal reactions to quantitatively assess individual judgements along the five criteria, followed by qualitative statements to elicit verbal explanations to children’s decisions. The collected data were analysed using binomial tests and supplemented with qualitative findings. Results: The children reported no differences between the PL intervention and compulsory PE for the dimensions ‘social interaction’, ‘improvement of motor skills’, and ‘teaching and classroom management’ (z ≤ 1.67, p ≥. 095). However, the PL intervention was superior in the dimensions ‘cognitive activation’ (z = 3.68, p <. 001) and ‘affective approach to sport’ (z = 2.47, p = .014). Taking into account the qualitative data, the quantitative results can be explained by more in-depth reflection phases (‘cognitive activation’) and a mix of teaching elements (‘affective approach to sport’). In almost all dimensions, the principle of ‘voice and choice’ was perceived as very beneficial. Conclusion: The findings highlighted co-design and respect for individuality as supportive conditions f…
subject: Symposia
  topic: section
creator: Louisa Schmittwilken
creator: Katharina Pöppel
creator: Anne Williges
creator: Johannes Carl
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Author(s). Published by Lithuanian Sports University. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-01-28
publication date: 2026-01-28
starting page: 249
ending page: 249
doi: 10.33607/bjshs.v5iSupplement.2013

Two Decades of HEPA Europe: Advancing Physical Activity Promotion Across the European Region
type: item
description: Background: The Health-Enhancing Physical Activity (HEPA) Europe network was established in 2005 to promote physical activity (PA) related research, policy, and practice across the World Health Organization (WHO) European Region. It was founded on early recognition of the essential role of regular PA for health, contributing to the prevention of non-communicable diseases and the promotion of mental, physical, and social wellbeing but before related European policy frameworks emerged. Nature of the Network: Formally launched under the auspices of the WHO Regional Office for Europe (WHO/Europe), HEPA Europe has grown into a multidisciplinary and cross-sectoral network of over 250 member institutions from 41 WHO European member states. These include governmental bodies, academic institutions, and non-governmental organisations working in fields such as PA, sport, health, education, urban planning, and transport. The network supports collaboration through working groups, an annual conference, and meetings that facilitate the exchange of knowledge, best practices, consortia building for European Union (EU) funded projects, and policy development. It provides tools and evidence for policy and practice to address the insufficient levels of PA and increasing sedentary behaviour across the WHO European Region. Recent Developments: In the recent years, HEPA Europe has strengthened its position by creating an early career development section to support young scientists and professionals at the beginning of their careers in the field of PA promotion. In addition, HEPA Europe worked actively to collaborate with the EU PA Focal Points network, created in 2014, to support implementation of the HEPA Monitoring Framework, established to monitor the implementation of the EU PA Guidelines. HEPA Europe must broaden engagement across sectors and regions, improve sustainability, and strengthen the research–policy–practice link to maintain its impact. Keywords: Network, exercise, public h…
subject: Article
  topic: section
creator: Alexis Lion
creator: Anja Frei
creator: Peter Gelius
creator: Aurélie Van Hoye
creator: Johan de Jong
creator: Sonja Kahlmeier
creator: Kelly A. Mackintosh
creator: Marie Murphy
creator: Elaine Murtagh
creator: Adriana Isabel Pinedo Carrillo
creator: Suzana Pustivšek
creator: Francesca Racioppi
creator: Jan Seghers
creator: Wanda Wendel-Vos
creator: Stephen Whiting
creator: Kremlin Wickramasinghe
creator: Gundo Weiler
creator: Anna Chalkley
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Author(s). Published by Lithuanian Sports University. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-01-28
publication date: 2026-01-28
starting page: 8
ending page: 27
doi: 10.33607/bjshs.v5iSupplement.1775

The Effects of Head-and-Neck Temperature Manipulation and Motor Task Type on Central and Peripheral Fatigue, Motor Accuracy, and Stress-Related Blood Markers in Men With Multiple Sclerosis
type: item
description: Background and objectives: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic neurological disorder characterised by immune-mediated demyelination and axonal degeneration, leading to impaired motor control, fatigue, and reduced quality of life (Dobson & Giovannoni, 2019). Fatigue in MS arises from both central and peripheral mechanisms, with central fatigue linked to impaired neural drive and peripheral fatigue reflecting reduced muscle contractility (Tornero-Aguilera et al., 2022). Thermal stress further exacerbates fatigue in people with MS (PwMS), with heat impairing neural conduction and cooling, showing potential to improve performance and reduce exertion (Flensner et al., 2011; Grahn et al., 2008). The head and neck are highly thermosensitive regions, making them strategic sites for targeted thermal interventions (Desruelle & Candas, 2000). While cooling may enhance central motor drive and stress regulation via activation of cold-sensitive TRP channels (Gordon et al., 2020; Thapa et al., 2021), heating could worsen fatigue in thermally sensitive PwMS (Christogianni et al., 2018). Furthermore, motor task complexity – ranging from constant to unpredictable force demands – modulates central and peripheral fatigue expression (Kyguolienė et al., 2018; Taylor & Gandevia, 2008). However, the interactive effects of localised head-and-neck cooling or heating with different task complexities under thermoneutral conditions remain poorly understood. The dissertation aimed to address these gaps by investigating how localised thermal modulation influences central and peripheral fatigue, perceived exertion, and hormonal responses during submaximal isometric exercise in men with MS and healthy controls, providing novel insights for rehabilitation and fatigue management strategies. Methods: The dissertation comprised four randomised crossover studies with a minimum seven-day washout designed to evaluate the effects of localised head-and-neck cooling (18°C) and heating (44 ± 0.5°C) on centra…
subject: Doctoral Thesis Abstract
  topic: section
creator: Gintarė Daukšaitė
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Author(s). Published by Lithuanian Sports University. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-04-02
publication date: 2026-04-02
starting page: 53
ending page: 55
doi: 10.33607/bjshs.v1i138.1728

The Impact of Participants’ Motivations for Engaging in Physical Activity on Their Reaction Time
type: item
description: Reaction time (RT) is a measure of the time elapsed between the application of a stimulus and the subsequent response. It is considered an indirect indicator of the central nervous system’s processing speed. Various factors, including body weight and physical activity, influence RT. Another factor that has not been investigated before is the effect of motivations for engaging in physical activity on motor reaction time, as measured by simple reaction time and recognition scores, indicated by the number of hits. Thus, the current study aimed to examine the impact of motivation in physical activity on RT and the number of hits. The study was conducted on 60 healthy volunteers aged 18–60 years (mean ± SD, 27.66 ± 8.31 years) who participated in regular physical activity. A headset for the virtual reality base station, controllers, and the Rezzil game were used to determine the RT. Additionally, the participants’ motives for engaging in physical activity were recorded using the Leisure Motivation Scale. It was found that the RT of participants was influenced by different leisure motivation categories, particularly for males. Body mass index (BMI) also affected the RT of participants, especially in the normal and overweight groups. However, the number of hits was not influenced by such motivations. These results showed that their motivations could influence the RT of individuals who participate in physical activity. Intrinsic motivations for physical activity, like personal enjoyment, reported slower RT than extrinsic motivations like ego or competition. Keywords: BMI, gender, motivation, physical activity, reaction time
subject: Sports Physiology
  topic: section
creator: Dindar S. Bari
creator: Peleen Najmaden
creator: Ahmed Mohammed
creator: Haval Y. Yacoob Aldosky
creator: Zilan Zirak
creator: Raniya Masoum
creator: Ali Rashid
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Author(s). Published by Lithuanian Sports University. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-04-02
publication date: 2026-04-02
starting page: 41
ending page: 52
doi: 10.33607/bjshs.v1i138.1727

Olympic Values and Doping in Sport
type: item
description: Background: This study examines the issue of Olympic values and doping in sport. The first aim of this pilot study was to explore athletes’ and coaches’ perceptions of the values associated with the Olympic Games and their attitudes towards doping. The second aim was to examine the relationship between the perceived Olympic values and attitudes towards doping in sport. Methods: Fifty-three athletes (mean age 19.35, SD = 4.28; 45.3% male) and 52 coaches from Uzbekistan (mean age 32.00, SD = 9.91; 46.2% male) participated in this pilot study by filling out an online survey. Results: The results showed that the value dimension ‘achievement in competition’ was most strongly associated with the Olympic Games. Participants held a more positive perception of the Olympics but were less positive towards the International Olympic Committee (IOC). The findings further revealed that the participants exhibited slightly positive attitudes towards doping in sport. However, it was found that the perceptions of values related to the Olympic Games were not related, as the attitudes towards the Olympic Games were a significant negative predictor of attitudes towards doping (β = –0.17, p < 0.05). In contrast, perceived corruption of the IOC emerged as a significant positive predictor (β = 0.62, p < 0.05). Conclusion: The study revealed a positive attitude among athletes and coaches towards the Olympic values; however, the perception of these values was not related to attitudes towards doping in sport. More significant factors in predicting attitudes towards doping were participants’ views of the Olympic Games themselves and their evaluation of the IOC as an organisation. Keywords: values, Olympic Games, International Olympic Committee, doping in sport
subject: Social Sciences in Sport
  topic: section
creator: Saulius Šukys
creator: Farruh S. Ahmedov
creator: Abdulhamid Kholtura ugli Buriyev
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Author(s). Published by Lithuanian Sports University. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-04-02
publication date: 2026-04-02
starting page: 32
ending page: 40
doi: 10.33607/bjshs.v1i138.1726

Assessment of the Psychological Wellbeing of Student-Athletes and Non-Athletes at the University of Ilorin, Nigeria
type: item
description: This study assessed the psychological wellbeing of student-athletes and non-athletes at the University of Ilorin, employing a descriptive research design. The population included all University’s students, with 149 participants selected through a multi-stage sampling process. Stratified sampling categorised students into athletes (77) and non-athletes (72) chosen via random sampling. Data were collected using the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12), validated with Pearson’s product-moment correlation reliability coefficient of .73. Descriptive statistics, including frequency counts and percentages, addressed research questions, while an independent samples t test at a .05 alpha level was used to test hypotheses. The findings revealed no significant difference in psychological wellbeing between student-athletes and non-athletes. Additionally, the perception of the impact of sport on psychological wellbeing did not differ between the groups. The study concluded that both student-athletes and non-athletes at the University of Ilorin exhibit similar psychological wellbeing, and their views on the influence of sport on wellbeing are consistent regardless of participation. These findings suggest that sport participation does not uniquely affect psychological wellbeing in this context, emphasising the importance of universal stress management practices for all students. To enhance psychological health, the study recommends that both groups engage in stress-reducing activities such as meditation, deep breathing, or yoga. Keywords: psychological wellbeing, student-athlete, non-athlete, health status, University of Ilorin
subject: Social Sciences in Sport
  topic: section
creator: Surajudeen Tosho Bakinde
creator: Babatunde Samson Adebayo
creator: Oluwatosin Adejare Sangodeyi
creator: Oluwabusuyi John Fatoba
creator: Emmanuel Igba Igba
creator: Mujib Alabidun
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Author(s). Published by Lithuanian Sports University. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-04-02
publication date: 2026-04-02
starting page: 13
ending page: 22
doi: 10.33607/bjshs.v1i138.1724

HIIT and Aloe Vera Supplementation Improve METRNL Levels, Reduce Oxidative Stress, and Enhance Antioxidant Status in Men With Type 2 Diabetes
type: item
description: Background: Hyperglycaemia, oxidative stress, and chronic inflammation play critical roles in the pathogenesis and progression of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This study aimed to evaluate the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT), Aloe vera supplementation, and their combination on Meteorin-like (METRNL) protein levels, oxidative stress markers, and antioxidant status in men with T2DM. Methods: In this semi-experimental study, 44 men with T2DM (aged 25–40 years) were randomly assigned to one of four groups (n = 11 per group): (1) HIIT, (2) Aloe vera supplementation, (3) HIIT + Aloe vera, and (4) Control. The HIIT protocol was conducted three times per week for 12 weeks. Participants in the Aloe vera groups received two 100 mg capsules of Aloe vera gel powder daily, one in the morning upon waking and one after dinner. Fasting blood samples were collected before and after the intervention. Data were analysed using two-way repeated-measures ANOVA, paired-sample t-tests, and Bonferroni post hoc comparisons. Results: HIIT, Aloe vera supplementation, and their combination significantly increased METRNL, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC), while significantly reducing malondialdehyde (MDA) levels compared with the control group (p < 0.001). The HIIT + Aloe vera group demonstrated the greatest improvements across all markers, followed by HIIT alone, while Aloe vera alone produced moderate but significant effects. Conclusion: Both HIIT and Aloe vera supplementation independently improved antioxidant defence and reduced oxidative stress in men with T2DM, however, their combination elicited the most pronounced benefits, suggesting a synergistic effect. These findings support integrating structured exercise with phototherapeutic supplementation as a complementary strategy to enhance metabolic health in T2DM. Keywords: anaerobic, metabolic inflammation, adipokines, complementary treatment
subject: Social Sciences in Sport
  topic: section
creator: Asieh Abbassi-Daloii
creator: Alireza Barari
creator: Nahide Michaelpour
creator: Farshad Emami
creator: Ghadir Zahabi
creator: Fatemeh Zabihzadehsouteh
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Author(s). Published by Lithuanian Sports University. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-04-02
publication date: 2026-04-02
starting page: 1
ending page: 12
doi: 10.33607/bjshs.v1i138.1723

The Effect of Temperature Manipulation on Skeletal Muscle Function and Thermal Stress Responses in Young Males
type: item
description: Background and objectives: Temperature manipulation, through heating and cooling strategies such as hot or cold water immersion (HWI, CWI) or exertional heating, alters body temperature and can influence muscle function, metabolic activity, recovery, and thermal stress responses (Cramer et al., 2022; Rodrigues et al., 2022; Versey et al., 2013). These interventions can elevate or reduce core and muscle temperature (Tmu), leading to distinct effects on muscle contractility, fatigue, recovery, and endocrine responses (Bergh & Ekblom, 1979; Cheng et al., 2017; Morton et al., 2007; Mündel et al., 2006). Prolactin is often used as an indirect marker of central fatigue and heat-related stress (Mündel et al., 2006), however, it is unclear whether endocrine responses differ when core temperature increases are closely matched but skin temperature varies between active (exercise-induced, Exer-H) and passive (exogenous, Exo-H) heating. The mechanisms underlying neuromuscular and thermal stress responses remain unclear, particularly regarding the influence of exposure duration and differences between active and passive heating modalities. The general aim of the dissertation was to determine the effects of heating and cooling of varying durations on skeletal muscle function and thermal stress responses in recreationally active young males. Methods: Four studies were conducted. In Study I, a randomised crossover design was used, in which participants completed both active (exercise-induced) heating (cycling at 60% V̇O2max until rectal temperature (Trec) reached 39°C) and passive (exogenous) heating (lower-body immersion in hot water until Trec reached 39°C). Study II comprised four randomised cross-over experimental trials across two phases: a single exposure phase (SP) for 45 min and an intermittent/prolonged exposure phase (IPP) for 300 min, each including control sitting (CON) and hot water immersion (HWI at 44–45°C up to the waist) performed in random order and separated by a…
subject: Doctoral Thesis Abstract
  topic: section
creator: Viktorija Treigytė
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Author(s). Published by Lithuanian Sports University. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-06
publication date: 2025-11-06
starting page: 57
ending page: 59
doi: 10.33607/bjshs.v4i137.1700

Pulmonary Oxygen Uptake Kinetics Assessment in Basketball-Trained Boys During Early Adolescence
type: item
description: Background: Dynamic change of the pulmonary oxygen uptake is one of the core parameters determining the bodies’ adaptability to the varying physical load. It is equally important in both everyday life and sports. Regardless of the importance, this physiological mechanism is understudied, especially in younger population. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine oxygen uptake kinetics at the onset and offset of exercise in terms of basketball training and maturity level in adolescent boys. Methods: Our subjects were 28 basketball-trained (BT) and 22 actively untrained (UT) boys (average age: 11.83 ± 0.43 years). Subjects performed 6-minute-long constant speed walking tests on a treadmill and a static recovery afterwards with a 1-year interval between the sessions to determine oxygen uptake, heart rate, and muscle oxygenation time constants and other parameters. Maturity level was determined by the maturity offset. Results: Basketball-trained group showed faster oxygen uptake kinetics (1st session: 13.10 ± 2.68 s and 15.02 ± 2.96 s in basketballers and control-group boys, respectively; 2nd session: 12.02 ± 2.86 s and 14.07 ± 4.18 s) during both testing sessions, while heart rate kinetics were faster in basketballers only during the 1st session (28.15 ± 10.59 s compared to 37.18 ± 15.23 s). Maturity level in both groups correlated with some of the kinetics parameters during the 2nd session. Conclusion: Young basketballers possess a faster on-transient oxygen uptake kinetics compared to their untrained peers because of the improved oxygen delivery and utilisation. A possible maturational threshold regarding pulmonary oxygen uptake kinetics in adolescents should be investigated in the future. Keywords: team sports, physical fitness, time constant, aerobic kinetics
subject: Sports Physiology
  topic: section
creator: Eligijus Mačinskas
creator: Loreta Stasiulė
creator: Kęstutis Pužas
creator: Arvydas Stasiulis
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Author(s). Published by Lithuanian Sports University. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-06
publication date: 2025-11-06
starting page: 46
ending page: 54
doi: 10.33607/bjshs.v4i137.1698

Resistance Training and Muscle-Brain Crosstalk: Implications for Cognitive Decline in Aging and Spinal Cord Injury
type: item
description: Background and objectives: Exerkines are signalling factors that are released from organs throughout the body during physical exercise (El-Sayes et al., 2019). Some of these exerkines are thought to contribute to the well-documented benefits of exercise on brain health and cognitive function, potentially delaying age-related cognitive decline (Erickson et al., 2011). However, research is still far from establishing a mechanism-based, evidence-driven exercise programme to prevent such decline. To date, most studies have focused on endurance training, leaving other training modalities underexplored. Moreover, few studies have simultaneously examined exercise-induced effects on blood, brain, and cognitive domains, limiting more holistic understanding of the underlying mechanisms. Research has also primarily involved healthy adults, whereas older adults at risk of Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) are less frequently studied. Importantly, the effects of exercise on cognition have never been investigated in persons with Spinal Cord Injury (SCI), a population with an elevated risk of age-related cognitive decline and dementia. The primary objective of the dissertation was therefore to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of exercise training, specifically resistance exercise in older adults and Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation (NMES) in individuals with SCI, on brain health and cognitive function, with a particular focus on the role of exerkines in (exercise-induced) neuroplasticity. Methods: Eleven studies were conducted. Study 1 was a literature review describing exerkine release following acute and chronic endurance or resistance exercise and their effects on neuroplasticity via long-term synaptic potentiation. Study 2 summarised the findings from transcriptome and secretome studies identifying muscle-derived exerkines (myokines). Studies 3 and 4 were cross-sectional studies in older adults (n = 74) investigating…
subject: Doctoral Thesis Abstract
  topic: section
creator: Wouter Vints
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Author(s). Published by Lithuanian Sports University. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-06
publication date: 2025-11-06
starting page: 55
ending page: 56
doi: 10.33607/bjshs.v4i137.1699

The Relationship Between Emotional Intelligence and Self-Compassion Among Medical Students
type: item
description: Introduction: In the scientific literature, medical students’ emotional intelligence is associated with better professional achievements, higher quality of patient care, and lower levels of burnout. Self-compassion may help reduce experienced stress and enhance psychological well-being. Although emotional intelligence and self-compassion are important competencies for future physicians, research examining the interplay between these constructs is still lacking. Therefore, this study aims to fill this research gap. Methods: The study involved 234 medical students (years I–VI) from the Lithuanian University of Health Sciences. The participants’ mean age was 22.14 ± 3.51 years. The questionnaire consisted of the Emotional Intelligence Scale, the Self-Compassion Scale, and sociodemographic questions. Results: The findings revealed that medical students demonstrated a relatively high level of emotional intelligence. No statistically significant differences in emotional intelligence were found based on sociodemographic variables. Medical students showed a moderate level of self-compassion. They were significantly more likely (p < 0.001) to apply positive self-compassion strategies than negative ones. A statistically significant association was found between self-compassion and age (p < 0.001). A weak but statistically significant positive correlation was identified between emotional intelligence and self-compassion (rho = 0.41, p < 0.001). Conclusions: Emotional intelligence among medical students was not associated with sex, age, or study year. Self-compassion was related to some sociodemographic characteristics, excluding sex. A statistically significant association between emotional intelligence and self-compassion was observed in the sample of medical students. Keywords: emotional intelligence, self-compassion, medical students
subject: Health, Rehabilitation and Adapted Physical Activity
  topic: section
creator: Evelina Linkevičiūtė
creator: Dalia Antinienė
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Author(s). Published by Lithuanian Sports University. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-06
publication date: 2025-11-06
starting page: 4
ending page: 21
doi: 10.33607/bjshs.v4i137.1695

Effects of Lower Limb Resistance Training on Cognitive Function in Older Adults with Mild Cognitive Impairment Risk
type: item
description: Background: Promoting healthy ageing is a major public health challenge, especially with increasing mild cognitive impairment (MCI) prevalence and associated dementia risk in older adults. Exercise training may improve cognitive function, yet studies on its effects in MCI populations remain limited and inconsistent in design and outcomes. This study investigated the impact of a 12-week structured lower limb resistance training (RT) programme on cognitive performance, specifically memory and executive function in older adults at low and high risk of MCI. Methods: Fifty-three older adults (aged 60–80) completed the study and were categorised into low risk (lrMCI, n = 28) and high risk (hrMCI, n = 25) MCI groups. Participants were assigned to a 12-week RT programme (2 sessions/week, 4 lower-limb exercises, 3 sets of 6–10 reps at 70–85% 1RM) or a passive control group. Cognitive performance was assessed using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) and ANAM4™ neurocognitive battery before and after the intervention. Results: At week 12, participants with high risk MCI in the resistance training group showed a significant improvement in MoCA total scores, particularly in executive function and delayed recall domains. An increase in MoCA scores was also observed in the control group, suggesting a potential learning effect. Performance across ANAM4 cognitive tasks did not show statistically significant changes following the intervention. Conclusion: A twice-weekly RT programme over 12 weeks did not produce robust improvements across all cognitive domains, but trends suggested potential benefits in executive function and inhibitory control among older adults at higher risk of MCI. The cognitive response to RT appears to vary by MCI risk level and baseline cognitive status. Keywords: older adults, MoCA (Montreal Cognitive Assessment), executive function, memory, ANAM4 neurocognitive battery
subject: Health, Rehabilitation and Adapted Physical Activity
  topic: section
creator: Simona Kušleikienė
creator: Lina Mickevičienė
creator: Oron Levin
creator: Vida Janina Česnaitienė
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Author(s). Published by Lithuanian Sports University. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-09-04
publication date: 2025-09-04
starting page: 14
ending page: 33
doi: 10.33607/bjshs.v3i136.1670

Factors Determining the Change in Physical Fitness of Lithuanian Primary Schoolchildren Over a One-Year Period
type: item
description: Background and objectives: Physical fitness is a key indicator of children’s health, yet global evidence shows a steady decline over the past decades (Aubert et al., 2018; Aubert et al., 2022). Lithuanian longitudinal data confirm this trend, with schoolchildren’s fitness decreasing consistently since the 1990s (Venckūnas et al., 2017). Insufficient activity is widespread—only about 20% of children achieve the recommended 60 minutes of daily moderate-to-vigorous activity (Marques et al., 2019). Low activity and poor fitness are linked to long-term health risks, including chronic diseases later in life (Booth et al., 2012; López Sánchez et al., 2022). Early school years are particularly critical for building motor competence and sustainable activity habits (Gallahue et al., 2015; Stodden et al., 2016). The Ecological Systems Theory highlights that children’s fitness is shaped not only by individual behaviour but also by family and school contexts (Perumal et al., 2017). In addition, motivational aspects are crucial—according to Self-Determination Theory, autonomous motivation, satisfaction of basic psychological needs (autonomy, competence, relatedness), and enjoyment of physical activity strongly influence children’s engagement and long-term fitness outcomes (Ryan & Deci, 2000; Standage et al., 2005). The dissertation therefore examines one-year changes in physical fitness among Lithuanian primary schoolchildren (aged 7–11), identifying determinants at the individual, interpersonal, and institutional levels, while also considering motivational factors through the lens of Self-Determination Theory. Methods: A longitudinal study was conducted with a representative sample of primary schoolchildren. Physical fitness was assessed through standardised field-based tests; motivation, behaviour, and contextual determinants were measured using validated questionnaires. Statistical analyses were applied to explore associations between changes in physical fitness and individual…
subject: Doctoral Thesis Abstract
  topic: section
creator: Laurynas Dilys
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Author(s). Published by Lithuanian Sports University. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-09-04
publication date: 2025-09-04
starting page: 56
ending page: 57
doi: 10.33607/bjshs.v3i136.1673

Development of positive behavior and mental toughness skills in young athletes
type: item
description: Background and objectives: In recent years, the growing issue of aggression and mutual disrespect among both athletic and non-athletic adolescents and young individuals – regardless of whether they become professional athletes – has increasingly been emphasized not only in public discourse but also in scientific research. This has become an undeniably relevant scientific problem (Cristello, Trucco, & Zucker, 2020; Jewett, Kerr, MacPherson, & Stirling, 2020; Mays & Thompson, 2009; Whitley et al., 2019). As a preventive measure against the manifestation of negative adolescent behavior, an integrated skill development program through sports, based on a comprehensive model of positive behavior and mental toughness skills, may play a crucial role (Chauke & Malatji, 2022; Gould, Griffes, & Carson, 2011; Gucciardi & Jones, 2012; Slack et al., 2015). This enables the formulation of a key research question: How would an educational program based on a comprehensive model of positive behavior and mental toughness skills contribute to the development of young athletes’ positive behavior and mental toughness skills? The aim of this dissertation is to reveal the characteristics of young athletes’ positive behavior and mental toughness skill development. Methods: The dissertation employed a mixed methods convergent design (one-phase design) research strategy (Creswell & Creswell, 2023). The logical sequence of the research consisted of five phases. First, a scientific literature analysis was conducted on the dissertation topic. Second, research instruments for the dissertation study were identified. Third, a diagnostic study was carried out, during which a written survey was used to assess the level of positive behavior and mental toughness skills among young athletes (aged 15–18). Fourth, an educational experiment was organized, starting with an initial assessment of both the experimental group (n = 30) and the control group (n = 32) using a written survey. The experimental group…
subject: Doctoral Thesis Abstract
  topic: section
creator: Eimantas Pocius
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Author(s). Published by Lithuanian Sports University. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-07-18
publication date: 2025-07-18
starting page: 56
ending page: 57
doi: 10.33607/bjshs.v2i135.1623

The Role of Throw-ins in the UEFA Champions League: A Tactical Analysis
type: item
description: Background: This study investigates the tactical role of throw-ins during the 2022–2023 UEFA Champions League season, focusing on their impact on attacking productivity across multiple parameters such as field zone, direction, length, and body targeting method. Method: A total of 2,855 throw-ins were analysed using logistic regression to assess their effectiveness based on variables like throw-in location (zone), direction, and the body height they targeted. Results: Short, upward-directed, and backward-passing throw-ins in the final third significantly increased the likelihood of a positive outcome (e.g. shot, corner, goal kick) (p < 0.05). Throw-ins targeting above the waist were 3.51 times, and those in the final third 1.93 times, more likely to yield positive results. Advancing teams had a higher rate of successful throw-ins compared to eliminated teams. Conclusion: Throw-ins function as strategic micro-tactical tools rather than simple restarts, contributing to possession, attack initiation, and positional advantage. Their effective use appears to correlate with team success, addressing a key gap in the literature. Keywords: soccer, tactic, match analysis, set pieces
subject: Sports Coaching
  topic: section
creator: Ali Enver Kapelman
creator: Erdi Tokul
creator: Özgün Miraç Özçilingir
creator: Dolunay Saray
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Author(s). Published by Lithuanian Sports University. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-09-04
publication date: 2025-09-04
starting page: 34
ending page: 43
doi: 10.33607/bjshs.v3i136.1669

Analysis of Offensive Efficiency and Goal Scoring in the Stanley Cup Finals 2023 and 2024
type: item
description: Background: The purpose of this study was to investigate the types of situations in which goals are scored at the highest level of ice hockey. The study focused on the Stanley Cup Final games (n=12). Methods: Two different game analysis methods based on systematic observation were used. The observation was conducted using video recordings after the games. The data consisted of (n=) 1477 shots, (n=) 79 goals, and (n=) 3619 even-strength attacks. Results: Teams had (n=) 181 even-strength attacks per game. The overall attack efficiency was 7%. For scoring goals, defensive play in the offensive zone was particularly important, as the scoring efficiency of attacks starting in the offensive zone was statistically highly significant compared to the defensive and the neutral zones (p<0.001). Goal-scoring situations were classified based on the number of players on the ice and the different zones of the rink. Most goals were scored during 5 vs. 5 play (71%), with the remaining goals coming from 5 vs. 4 power plays (9%) or other situations (20%). The majority of goals were scored from close to the net. Scoring efficiency was statistically significant in sector 1 (p<0.05) compared to sector 2, and highly significant (p<0.001) compared to sectors 3–4. Conclusion: Scoring becomes easier when: 1) The attack starts in the offensive zone, and 2) the shot is taken close to the net. If the attack starts further away, fast and counter-attacks improve scoring chances, as the opponent does not have time to organize their defense. Keywords: ice hockey, goal scoring, tactics, game analysis, attack, NHL
subject: Sports Coaching
  topic: section
creator: Sami Luimula
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Author(s). Published by Lithuanian Sports University. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-07-18
publication date: 2025-07-18
starting page: 40
ending page: 53
doi: 10.33607/bjshs.v2i135.1620

The role of personal and sports values on intentions to compete clean or to cheat
type: item
description: Background and objectives: Cheating is defined as the voluntary violation of established rules, characterized by an element of deception (Green, 2006). The opposite of cheating is clean sport (Petróczi et al., 2021). A recent study revealed that up to 57.1 % athletes are using doping (Ulrich et al., 2018). Cheating in sports is associated with various factors (internal and external), but a particularly important yet less studied internal factor is values. Based on Schwartz’s (1992) theory of personal values, four higher-level value dimensions are identified: self-enhancement, self-transcendence, openness to change, and conservation. However, athletes’ intentions and behavior can be influenced not only by personal values, but also by sports values. Lee et al. (2000) identified such sports values as morality, competence and status. Depending on which values are more important to athletes, they may be inclined to behave one way or another, for example, to cheat in sports or to compete clean. Purpose of the research is to reveal the role of values in athletes’ intentions to compete clean or to cheat in sport. Methods: Two research methods were used in the dissertation: quantitative and qualitative. This methodological approach was chosen because cheating in sports is a multifaceted problem, which cannot be adequately understood using just one research method. Results: The results of quantitative research revealed that athletes are not inclined to use doping and are more likely to compete clean in sport. The most important personal value for athletes is self-transcendence. For athletes, the most important sports values relate to competence, and the least important relate to status. The personal values of self-enhancement and openness to change, and sports’ status values are positively related with intentions to use doping and negatively related with intentions to compete clean. The personal values of self-transcendence and conservation, together with the moral and compet…
subject: Doctoral Thesis Abstract
  topic: section
creator: Beatričė Hoppen
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Author(s). Published by Lithuanian Sports University. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-07-18
publication date: 2025-07-18
starting page: 54
ending page: 55
doi: 10.33607/bjshs.v2i135.1622

The Role of Sport Psychology Services for Elite Sports Athletes The Case of Azerbaijan
type: item
description: This research paper explores the role of sport psychology services for athletes in Azerbaijan, and examines the factors shaping the current state of psychological support within the country’s sports industry. The study investigates the limited adoption of these services, highlighting key challenges such as the scarcity of skilled sports psychologists, a lack of awareness regarding the benefits of psychological support, and the social stigma associated with athletes seeking such assistance. These factors collectively hinder the development and effectiveness of sports psychology services in Azerbaijan. By addressing these issues, the research offers valuable insights for sports federations and organizations, aiming to promote the successful implementation of psychological support systems and enhance athletes’ performance and well-being. The findings highlight the importance of expanding access to qualified professionals, fostering awareness about the value of psychological support, and challenging societal norms that discourage athletes from seeking help. The paper concludes by advocating a comprehensive framework to integrate sports psychology services into Azerbaijan’s sports industry, thereby contributing to the overall development and success of its athletes. Keywords: sport psychology, psychological support services, elite athletes, social stigma, Azerbaijan
subject: Social Sciences in Sport
  topic: section
creator: Dilara Rafi
creator: Narmin Ahmadova
creator: Samir Khurshudov
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Author(s). Published by Lithuanian Sports University. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-07-18
publication date: 2025-07-18
starting page: 27
ending page: 39
doi: 10.33607/bjshs.v2i135.1619

Self-care and Self-Compassion in University Student Athletes
type: item
description: Background: Student athletes (SA) face unique challenges in balancing academic and athletic demands, frequently impacting well-being. This study aimed to measure levels of self-care and self-compassion in SA in one university in Munster, Ireland and also aimed to investigate the relationship between these and identify some ways that universities could support SA in strengthening self-care and self-compassion behaviours. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was used, employing shortened forms of the Mindful Self-Care Scale and the Self-Compassion Scale, as well as demographic questions. One multiple-option question asked participants to identify potential supports. Data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: Fifty-six responses were received. Most participants had below mean self-care and moderate self-compassion. Self-care and self-compassion were moderately positively correlated. SA who trained most frequently had lowest self-compassion. SA want tailored support with self-care and self-compassion. Support and education are needed to enable SA to develop positive self-caring and self-compassionate behaviours. Conclusion: Although it is not to possible draw causal relationships, results suggest that more self-compassionate SA are more self-caring. Support, advocacy and education is needed to enable SA to maintain and develop positive self-caring and self-compassionate behaviours. Keywords: mental health, well-being, quantitative, occupational therapy, support
subject: Social Sciences in Sport
  topic: section
creator: Ally Heasman
creator: Dana Scannell
creator: Eithne Hunt
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Author(s). Published by Lithuanian Sports University. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-07-18
publication date: 2025-07-18
starting page: 15
ending page: 26
doi: 10.33607/bjshs.v2i135.1616

S14-4: Equality in Sport and Male Allyship
type: item
description: Purpose: Male allyship in Ireland is gaining increased academic and socio-political attention, emerging as a critical component in advancing gender equality. Within a historical context of Catholic conservatism and entrenched patriarchal norms, male allyship challenges traditional gender roles and facilitates a reconfiguration of masculinities. Recent developments – such as the referenda on same-sex marriage (2015) and abortion rights (2018) – have created a new landscape for male allies to work alongside feminist advocates in the pursuit of gender equality. It is acknowledged that real change is contingent on gender transformative approaches that address more entrenched structural inequalities. As the first country in the world to publish the national men’s health policy, Ireland has been to the forefront in promoting healthy masculinities as part of a wider conceptualisation of men’s health and a commitment to gender equality. Civil society organisations and national campaigns (e.g. White Ribbon Ireland) have also played key roles in fostering male engagement with issues such as consent and domestic violence, as well as providing an alternative discourse to toxic masculinity. Description: This session will offer some critical reflections on the potential implications of these initiatives for women in sport. It will consider how sport (including sporting structures and institutions) can be a catalyst for developing and reproducing gender stereotypes such as that boys ‘have to be good’ and girls are ‘no good’ at sport (Women in Sport, 2024, March; Women in Sport, 2024, March 25). Notably, this is against a backdrop of increased online abuse of sportswomen (Women in Sport, 2024, March 25). It will reflect on the invisibility of male privilege in sport and will review the factors underpinning the persistent male bias in the coverage of sport. Conclusions: Drawing upon some key learning within an Irish context, it will offer some suggestions as to how male allyship nee…
subject: Symposia
  topic: section
creator: Noel Richardson
creator: Emma S. Cowley
creator: Aoife Lane
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Author(s). Published by Lithuanian Sports University. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-01-28
publication date: 2026-01-28
starting page: 283
ending page: 283
doi: 10.33607/bjshs.v5iSupplement.2052

Validity and Test–Retest Reliability of the VO2 Master Metabolic Analyser: A Laboratory and Artistic Gymnastics-Specific Evaluation
type: item
description: Background: This study assessed the validity and reliability of oxygen uptake (V̇O2) and minute ventilation (V̇E) of the mobile metabolic analyser VO2 Master under laboratory and gymnastics-specific conditions. Methods: For validity testing six metabolic rates were reproduced by a metabolic simulator (VacuMed) and V̇E and V̇O2 were measured by two VO2 Masters (3209 and 3212). To evaluate test–retest reliability nine gymnasts (age 16.4 ± 1.0 years; height 168.2 cm; weight 59.4 kg) performed a circle test (CT) and nine athletic adults (age 29.7 ± 4.9 years; height 177.8 ± 7.4 cm; weight 71.3 ± 6.6 kg) performed a floor-specific test (FST). Validity was assessed by concordance correlation coefficient (CCC) and mean percentage error (MPE). Test–retest reliability was analysed using standard error of measurement (%SEM) and intra-class correlation coefficient ICC (2,1) for V̇O2mean, V̇O2peak, O2 deficit and O2 integral. Results: The VO2 Masters showed a MPE of 10.44 ± 1.48%, 7.56 ± 1.97%, 6.73 ± 1.93% and 7.56 ± 1.45% (3209) for V̇O2 and V̇E. The CCCs of 0.97 and 0.99 for V̇O2 and 0.98 for V̇E indicate a substantial to almost perfect agreement between VacuMed and VO2 Masters. In the CT, V̇O2mean, V̇O2peak, O2 deficit, and O2 integral showed ICCs between 0.74 and 0.95 and SEM of ≤10% and ≤5%. In the FST, V̇O2mean, V̇O2peak, O2 deficit, and O2 integral showed ICCs between 0.76 and 0.94 and values of ≤10% and ≤5% for %SEM. Conclusion: The VO2 Master is a practical, reliable and valid metabolic analyser for short term exercises like gymnastics routines. Keywords: Metabolic analyser, oxygen uptake, quality criteria, error of measurement, short term exercises
subject: Sports Physiology
  topic: section
creator: Alexander Seemann-Sinn
creator: Peter Rüdrich
creator: Falk Naundorf
creator: Ingo Sandau
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Author(s). Published by Lithuanian Sports University. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-04-02
publication date: 2026-04-02
doi: 10.33607/bjshs.v3i140.2145